Tarihin Amurka

Amurka

Gabatarwa

Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka (Za kuma a iya cewa gamayya da ma’ana ta haɗin kai; wato United kenan. State kuwa an san fassararta wadda ita ce jaha - guda ɗaya kenan, States - jama’u kenan da ake fassarawa da jahohi. Bisa waɗannan dalilai ne wannan rubutu ya fassara wannan jimla wadda take a matsayin sunan ƙasa da Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka, United State of America. Ƙasa ce mai dogon tarihi wadda ta faro tun kusan shekaru dubu talatin da bakwai da ashirin da ɗaya zuwa shekaru dubu talatin da biyu da ashirin da ɗaya (35000/30000 B.C. – 2021 A.D.), duk kuwa da cewa, takardu sun yawaita tare kuma da samun saɓanin takamaiman lokacin da mutane suka fara zama a wannan nahiya da a yau ta zama wannan Tarayya ta Jahohin Amurka. Sai dai, majiya mafi kusa da gwamnatin ƙasar ta ƙarfafin adadin waɗannan shekaru a da aka ambata a wannan rubutu.

Wannan ƙasa, wato Tarrayar Jahohin Amurka, a yanzu haka ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattaling arziƙi a duniya; ta uku a yawan jama’a da adadin da ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari uku da talatin da biyu da dubu ɗari huɗu da saba’in da biyar da ɗari bakwai da ashirin da uku (332,475,723); ta uku a faɗin ƙasa da girmanta ya kai murabba’in kilomita miliyan tara da dubu ɗari uku da saba’in da biyu da ɗari shida da goma (9,372,610), kamar yadda ya zo a U.S. Census Bureau, (2010); World Meters, (2021); Info Please, (2021); Statista, (2021); Shivili, (2021); Silver, (2020); Reseach FDI, (2021); India Bureau (2020).

Idan muka koma nahiyar da take ciki kuwa, wato nahiyar Amurka ta Arewa (North American Continent), za mu taras cewa, ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan jama’a, sannan kuma ta biyu a faɗin ƙasa.

‘Yanƙasa na asali, ko a ce masu ƙasa, sun kwashi kimanin shekaru dubu talatin da ɗaya da ɗari huɗu da casa’in da tara (30,000 B.C. to 1492 A.D.) suna zaune cikin wannan nahiya kafin daga baya a cikin shekarar 1492 A.D. a samu bayyanar Baturen farko, Christopher Columbus da ya zama sanadin dasa tubalin mulkin-mallaka daga Turai a wannan nahiya.

Salon yaƙin ƙwatar ‘yancin kura-ta-ci-kura, shi ya kuɓutar da wannan yanki daga ƙangin mulkin-mallaka ta yadda su wakilan gwamnatocin mulkin-mallakar suka yi wa iyayen gidansu tawaye abin da ya kai ga buɗe sabon shafin rayuwar shaƙar iskar ‘yanci ga miliyoyin Amurkawa wadda wannan kuma shi ya kai ga samuwar sabon sunan da aka raɗawa wannan ƙasa wato, Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka wadda ke da ma’ana ta United States of America a Turance, biyowa bayan haɗuwa da rassan jahohi 13 (13 British Colonies) ƙarƙashin mulkin-mallakar Birtaniya suka yi, na su zama tsintsiya maɗaurinki ɗaya tare da haɗa ƙarfi da ƙarfe waje guda domin ƙwatar ‘yancin kai wanda ya zuwa yanzu (2021), waɗannan jahohi da ke cikin wannan tarayya yawansu ya kai hamsin kamar yadda ake ganin taurari hamsin a jikin tutar ƙasar.

Wannan ƙasa a yau (2021), ta zamarwa duniya madubi; wadda ake kalla a duba fasalin dimokuraɗiyya cewa ta yi kyau ko kuwa da sauran gyara a fannin salon dimokuraɗiyyar shugaba mai cikakken iko, presidential system of government kenan a Turance. Wannan kuwa saboda zamowarta ƙasar da ta haura shekaru ɗari biyu tana kan wannan turba daram.

Haka nan ma a fannonin ilimi (education), tattalin arziƙi (economy), tsaro (security), fasaha (technology), kimiyya (science), cuɗanya (social interaction) da sauran muhimman fagage rayuwa, Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka ta zama uwa ma bada mama.

Wannan ƙasa tana nan a Nahiyar Amurka ta Arewa (North American Continent) tare da yin iyaka da ƙasashe biyar; biyu ta ƙasa uku kuma ta ruwa, kasantuwar Gabas da Yamma da ita zunzurutun ruwa ne daga tekunan Atlantika da kuma Fasific. Ta ƙasa ta yi iyaka da da ƙasar Mexico daga Kudu. Sai kuma ƙasar Canada da suka yi iyaka ta ƙasa daga Arewa. Yamma da wannan makekiyar ƙasa ruwan tekun Fasifik (Pacific Ocean) ne, wadda suka haɗa iyaka da ƙasar Rasha a cikinsa. Sai kuma ƙasar Cuba daga Kudu wadda ita ma suka haɗa iyaka da ita a ruwa. Daga Gabas da wannan ƙasa akwai ruwan tekun Atlantika wadda suka haɗa iya ta cikinsa da ƙasar Bahamas, (Library of Congress, 2000; Michigan State University, 2021; Kiprop, 2018; Maps of the World, 2020).

Taswirar duniya da ke nuna Amurka
Hoto:Library of Congress

Mai karatu, ina yi maka albishir cewa, Rumbun Ilimi ya ƙuduri aniyar yi maka sahihan, tatattun bayanai dalla-dalla kuma daki-daki game da wannan babbar ƙasa da ke jan ragamar ƙasashen duniya a yau (2021) kuma a fannonin rayuwa da dama. Muna fatan kasancewarku cikin annashuwa a lokacin karanta waɗannan bayanai.

Daga Tushe

Kusan shekaru dubu talatin da bakwai da ashirin da ɗaya zuwa shekaru dubu talatin da biyu da ashirin da ɗaya (35000/30000BC - 2021AD) da suka shuɗe; zamanin da aka kira da Zamanin Ƙanƙara (Ice Age), tekunan duniya ruwansu ya ragu a sakamakon dusar ƙanƙara (Ice sheet) wadda ta kai ga Tekun Biriga (Bering Sea) a wancan lokaci ta yi ƙasa da kusan mita ɗari, abin da ya kai ga samuwar dandamali ko dandagaryar ƙasa (Land Bridge) da ta zama laba mai faɗin gaske wadda aka ƙiyasta nisanta da kilomita dubu ɗaya da ɗari biyar (1500km) wadda kuma ta sada tsakanin Yankin Larabawa (Asia) da kuma Amurka ta Arewa (North America).

Takamaiman yankunan da wannan lamari ya shafa su ne Saberiya da kuma Alaska kamar yadda Metropolitan Museum, (2021), suka bayyana cewa, Bering ce ta sada tsakanin Saberiya; wadda ke cikin Tarayyar Rasha da kuma Jahar Alaska; wadda ita kuma take cikin Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka a yau (2021).

Taswirar da ke nuna Saberiya da Alaska
Hoto:Polar Trek

Wannan laba da ta samu a daidai waɗannan yankuna; Saberiya da Alaska, ta kasance mai ni’ima sakamakon ciyayin da suka lulluɓe ta wadda kuma hakan ta haifar da samuwar dabbobin da a wancan lokacin mutane ke yin farautarsu domin samun abinci.

Abin da ya biyo bayan dukkan abubuwan da aka lissafa a sama shi ne sauya shekaƙar wasu mafarauta daga yankin Asiya zuwa wannan laba a yunƙurinsu na neman abinci kuma ba tare da sanin cewa sun nisanci tsohon matsugunninsu ba. “Mutanen farko da suka je Amura ta Arewa kusan tabbas sun yi hakan ne ba tare da sanin cewa sun ƙetara zuwa sabuwar nahiya ba” U.S. Department of State (2011). Waɗannan gungun mutane su suka yi ta sagaraftu a wannan yanki zuwa Kudanci abin da bayan share dubunnan shekaru suka samu isuwa zuwa ga gurin da ya zama wannan makekiyar ƙasa da ake kira Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka.

Mutanen Farko

Masana da dama (U.S. Department of State, 2010; U.S. Department of State, 2011; Remini, babu shekara; University of Ucla, 2020; American Institute in Taiwan, 2017; Bancroft, 1874), sun bayyana Indiyawa Amurkawa (Indian American) a matsayin Amurkawan farko, da ma’ana ta, mutanen da binciken kimiyyar tarihi (Archaeology) ya tabbatar da wanzuwarsu a wannan yanki tun kafin zuwan Turawa. Abin nufi, su ne mutanen da suka fara zuwa wannan yankin tun kusan shekaru dubu talatin da bakwai da ashirin da ɗaya zuwa dubu talatin da biyu da ashirin da ɗaya (35000/30000 B.C. – 2021 A.D.) da suka shuɗe. Wato dai, su ne mutanen da suka hauro labar da ta sada tsakanin Saberiya da Alaska domin farautar abin kalaci.

Waɗannan mutane su ne mutanen da ake kira Native American ko kuma American Indian a Turance. Wanda na biyun, University of Ucla (2020), suka ƙarafafa da cewa: “(Furucin) American Indian yana da wasu keɓantattun ma’anoni a hukumance, kasantuwar reshen shari’a; Federal Indian Law, tana amfani da wannan kalmar. Haka nan ma kuma ofishin kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa, yana amfani da kalmar ta hanyar Hukumar Ƙidaya; U.S. Office of Management and Budget through U.S. Census Bureu.”

Sai dai, wannan suna na mutanen farko na Amurka; wato American Indian, gamammen suna ne wanda ke ɗauke da sunayen ƙabilu da dama a ƙarƙashinsa. Misali, Tongva, Tataviam da Chumash waɗanda suke sunaye ne na ‘yan asalin yankin Los Angeles, waɗanda idan aka kira American Indian sun faɗa ciki.

Pauls (2019), ya bayyana cewa, magabatan American Indian na wannan zamani (2021), mutanen zamanin farauta da kiwo ne, waɗanda suka yi takakkiya a ƙananan ayarin ƙabilu daban-daban, suka sauya sheƙa daga Asiya zuwa Amurka ta Arewa a ƙarshen zamanin ƙanƙara wanda a ƙaramin taƙadiri lokacin zai iya kaiwa shekaru dubu talatin da bakwai ko kuma dubu goma sha biyu da suka shuɗe (35,000 B.C. - 12,000 B.C.).

Su kuwa American Institute in Taiwan (2017), ƙarin haske suka yi da cewa, waɗannan sahun farko na mutane da suka fara shigowa tare kuma da zama a Amurka “...sanannu ne waɗanda kuma su ne Hohokam, Adinan (Adenans), Hofiwiliyan (Hopewellians), da kuma Anasazi. Sun gina ƙauyuka tare kuma da noma kayan amfanin gona. Wasu sun gina kushewun ƙasa (mound) a siffofin daloli (pyramids), tsuntsaye, ko kuma nau’ukan macizai (serpents).”

Kushewa/ƙabari
Hoto:Our Native Americans

Bisa wasu dalilan da ba a kai ga gano su ba, sai waɗannan ƙabilun da aka zayyana a sama suka ɓace wasu kuma da suka haɗa da Hopi da Zuni suka maye gurbinsu.

Guraren da waɗannan mutane suka wanzu har zuwa shekara dubu kafin Annabi Isa (1000 B.C.), su ne guraren da a yau ake kira Mexico, Arizona, kudancin Ohio, Cahokia da ke kusa da Collinsville a Illinois, Colorado da sauransu kamar yadda ya zo a U.S. Department of State (2005).

Ya zuwa tsakankanin shekarun 500 A.D., Hopewellians sun gama ɓacewa ɓat, sai kuma wasu ƙabilun masu suna Mississippians suka bayyana. Haka aka cigaba da tafiya kama-kama har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 12 (12th Century) da aka samu bunƙasar wani birni mai suna Cahokia wanda ke kusa da Collinsville a Jahar Illinois da yawan jama’ar da suka kusan kaiwa 20,000.

Wani yanki na Cahokia
Hoto:Atlas Obscura

Kafin bayyanar Turawa (Europeans), garuruwan sun gama ginuwa, jama’a sun gama barbazuwa zuwa sassa da dama da yau (2021) suka juye suka zama Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka.

Waɗannan ƙabilun Indiyawa-Amukawa (American Indian) suna nan birjik a mabambantan ƙabilu da jahohi masu yawa; wato ‘yan ƙasa na asali, da adadinsu ya kai ɗari biyar da saba’in da huɗu (574) kamar yadda ya zo a National Congress of American Indians (2020). Sai dai, adadin ya saɓa da na Federal Register (2018) waɗanda dukkansu biyun hukumomi ne na gwamnatin Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka. Waɗannan mutane su ne a hukumance suke da wasu damammaki na wajibi a wuyan Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka.

Ɓullar Turawa

Abin da ake nufi da ɓullar Turawa a wannan rubutu shi ne bayyanar mutanen Yurof (Europe) a wannan farfajiya ta Amurka. Waɗannan Turawa kuwa su ne Turawan nahiyar Turai (Europeans), kamar Turawan Ingila, Faranshi, Jamus, Sifaniya, Portugal da sauransu.

Taswirar Duniya
Hoto:World Atlas

Bayyananniyar magana daga (U.S. Department of State, 2011; National Congress of American Indians, 2020; U.S. Department of State, 2005) ita ce cewa, ƙabilar Norse; wata ƙabila daga cikin ƙabilun Jamus (Germany) ce ta fara bayyana a wannan yanki daga cikin dukkan ƙabilun Turai.

Tun daga wannan lokaci ƙofa ta buɗe wa Turawan suka yi ta yin tururuwa zuwa wannan yanki. Ya zuwa shekarar 985 A.D. sun gama kafa gari nasu na ƙashin kansu (Su Turawan) a wannan yanki; Sifaniyawa su suka fara kafa garin St. Augustine a cikin Florida. Binciken kimiyyar tarihi da aka gudanar a cikin shekarar 1963 (U.S. Department of State, 2011), a L’Anse-aux-Meadows ta Northern Newfoundland, ya kai ga gano wasu gidajen da ke ƙarfafa wannan magana ta kafa garuruwan.

Wani yanki na garin St. Agustin.
Hoto:Tringali Barn

Tsofin gidaje.
Hoto:History Extra

A cikin shekarar 1492, wani Ba-italiye (Italian), Christopher Columbus mai binciko ƙasashe, ya ratsa tekun Atilantika daga Sifaniya (Spain) da nufin gano hanyar ruwa da za ta yi Yammaci kai tsaye daga Turai zuwa Asiya abin da bai kai ga nasara ba. A maimakon haka sai ya yi ta sagaraftunsa a Amurka. Duk da cewa bai kai ga gano yankin da aka kira Sabuwar Duniya (New World) ba, amma ya zuwa lokacin miliyoyin jama’a suna rayuwa a yankin. Wannan tafiya tasa ita ce ɗan-bar mulkin-mallakar Amurka ta Kudu da ta Arewa, (History, 2021).

U.S.A. da Spain a kan taswira
Hoto:Wikimedia

A cikin shekarar 1497, shekaru biyar da bayyanar Christopher Columbus a wannan yanki, sai kuma wani jami’in Ingila matuƙin jirgin ruwa mai suna John Cabot ya bayyana a Sabuwar Ƙasar da aka Gano (Newfoundland); wanda a yanzu haka lardi (province) ce a Canada. Wannan ziyara ta John Cabot ita ce daga baya ta zama hujjar mamaye Amurka ta Arewa da Ingila ta yi sannan kuma ta buɗe ƙofa ga Turawa Masunta musamman ma Fotugalawa (Portuguese) da suka riƙa kai-komo a gaɓoɓin tafkunan George (George’s Banks).

Bayan samun tazarar cikakken ƙarni guda Turawa suna sagaraftu a wannan Nahiya ta Amurka, tawagar wani Bafaranshe mai suna Jacques Cartier, a yunƙurinsu na samun turbar zuwa Asiya daga Turai suka ratsa Kogin St. Lawrence (St. Lawrence River).

Kogin St. Lawrance.
Hoto:Viator

Ƙarni na goma sha shida (1500), shi kuma zamani ne da Sifaniyawa (Spanish) suka ci karensu babu babbaka. A shekarar 1513, Juan Ponce de León ya jagoranci wata tawagar da ta bayyana a gaɓar Florida, kusa da gurin da yau ya zama birnin St. Augustine. Daga nan suka cigaba da mamaya ta yadda a 1522 suka mamaye Mexico da yaƙi daga nan suka nausa Yammancin Hemisphere. A 1539, De Soto’s da rundunarsa suka sauka a Florida suka nausa zuwa Kudu-Maso-Yammacin Tarayyar Amurka har sai da suka kai Kogin Mississippi a yunƙurinsu na neman arziƙi. A shekarar 1540 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, ya fita da rundunarsa daga Mexico a yunƙurin gano wasu muhimman birane guda bakwai a Cibola. Wannan tafiya ta kai shi har Canyon da Kansas ba tare da kai wa ga nasara ba.

A yayin da Sifaniyawa suka karkata wajen gano sassan Kudancin Amurka, wasu Turawan kuma sun himmatu wajen gano sassan Arewaci. Giovanni da Verrazano, wanda ya kutsa a madadin Faranshi, ya sauka a Carolina a cikin shekarar 1524 daga nan ya runtuma zuwa Arewaci ta gaɓar Tekun Atilantika, ya wuce gurin da a yanzu ya zama tashar jiragen ruwan New York (New York Harbor).

A ta nata ɓangaren, Faranshi ta yi yunƙurin kafa nata sansanin a gaɓar Arewacin Florida, yunƙirin da Sifaniyawa suka kalle shi a matsayin barazana ga turbar zirga-zirgar su ta cikin teku saboda haka suka yi wa matsugunnin Faransawan sukuwar goje a cikin shekarar 1564 a bisa jagoracin Pedro Menéndez wanda shi kuma ba da jimawa ba ya kafa wani gari mai suna St. Augustine a kusa da gurin wanda kuma shi ya zama gari na farko da Turawan Yurof suka kafa a duk faɗin ƙasar da a yau ake kira Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka.

Ɗimbin dukiyar da ke kwarara zuwa Sifaniya daga garuruwan da ta yi rassa da suka haɗa da Mexico, Karebiya (Caribbean) da Peru ya ja hankalin sauran giwayen Turai (European Powers). Ƙwararru a fannin sufurin ruwa kamar irin su Ingila suka yi dirar mikiya a kan wani jirgin ruwan Sifaniya mai ɗauke da tarin dukiya.

Biyowa bayan wannan, sarauniyar Ingila, Queen Elizabeth ta baiwa Humphrey Gilbert umarnin kafa mata rassa (colonies) a yankunan da sauran ƙasashen ‘yan mulkin-mallaka basu mamaye ba, wanda kuma bai fara aiwatarwa ba sai bayan shekaru biyar. Da aka rasa shi a teku sai ɗan’uwansa wanda suka haɗa uba, Walter Raleigh ya ɗora daga inda ya tsaya. Daga ƙarshe ya samu nasarar kafa reshen (British colony) farko na Ingila a Arewacin Amurka a Tsibirin Roanoke a saman gaɓar Arewacin Carolina a cikin shekarar 1585. Haka Ingila ta cigaba da faɗi-tashin kafa nata rassan (colonies) har zuwa shekaru ashirin na gaba.

Mazaunan Farko

Abin da wannan rubutu yake nufi da mazauna shi ne mutanen da suka ƙaura daga ƙasashensu na haihuwa zuwa Amurka domin cigaba da rayuwar din-din-din, wanda kuma hakan ta yawaita ne a ƙarnoni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas.

Turawan Ingila, su suka buɗe wannan kafa ta haurawa zuwa rassan (colonies) da Birtaniya ta kafa kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, wanda kuma wannan kwarara ta Birtaniyawa ta faru ne cikin shekarun 1600. Amma daga baya an samu Turawan Netherlands, Sweden, Jamus, Faranshi, Scotland da kuma Arewacin Ireland suma suka bi ayari.

Faruwar wannan lamari ya ruɓanya adadin yawan jama’ar da ke wannan nahiya daga 250,000 zuwa miliyan biyu da rabi (2.5 millions) daga shekarar 1690 zuwa 1790, wato ƙarni guda kenan.

Wasu daga cikin jama’ar sun bar ƙasashensu na haihuwa ne domin gujewa yaƙi; ƙarfa-ƙarfar siyasa; neman shaƙar iskar ‘yancin addini; tsallakewa fushin kuliya manta sabo domin gudun garƙamewa a gidan jarum; neman kuɓuta daga ƙangin bauta; baƙaƙen ‘yan Afirka da aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi wanda suka dira yankin shaƙe cikin mari; samun sa’idar rayuwa domin fita daga mawuyacin halin tattalin arziƙin da Ingila ta faɗa a cikin shekarar 1620 zuwa 1635, abin da ya haifar da ta’azzarar rayuwa a ƙasar; da sauran dalilai masu tarin yawa.

Ƙari a kan waɗannan dalilai, wata dokar zalunci da mai shugabancin Ingila a wancan zamanin, Charles I ya kafa a cikin shekarar 1630 ta ƙara rura wannan wutar canjin sheƙa da take ci ganga-ganga a wancan zamani.

Haka nan ma manufofin ƙananan sarakuna wadda ke cike da zalunci musamman ta fuskar addini da kuma yawan yaƙe-yaƙe a yankunan masu magana da harshen Jamusanci a wannan Nahiya ta Turai (European Continent), ya ƙara tunkuɗa ƙeyar jama’a zuwa yankin na Amruka da zama.

Nahiyar Turai
Hoto:World Atlas

A ta nasu ɓangaren, masu masauƙin baƙi, Indiyawa-Amurkawa; wato masu gari, sun karɓi waɗannan baƙi nasu da hannaye biyu-biyu. Sun koyar da su sana’o’in da za su riƙe kansu da suka haɗa da noma tsirrai, kamar irinsu kabewa, wake, masara da sauransu. Tare kuma da cewa, shi kansa yalwataccen daji mai dausayi da ya kusa kaiwa faɗin kilomita dubu biyu da ɗari ɗaya (2100), da suke da shi wanda suka hannata wa baƙin nasu ya taimaka wa baƙin wajen samun sauƙin rayuwa ta hanyar wadata su da sinadaran gudanar da ayyuka ciki kuma har da samun sauƙin gina muhalli; kayan alatu kamar irin su kujeru, gadaje da tebura; jiragen ruwa domin sufuri; da sauran kayayyakin da ake iya ƙetarawa da su domin sayarwa a ƙasashen ƙetare.

Yanayin wannan yanki ya kyautata wa baƙin hauren ta yadda ya zama kusan dukkan faɗin yankin tashoshi ne na jiragen ruwa in banda yankuna biyu kacal; Arewacin Carolina da kuma Kudancin New Jersey. Su ne kaɗai suka rasa tashoshin tsayawar manya-manyan jiragen ruwa da ke safara a tekuna.

Tafka-tafkan koguna irin su Kennebec, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, da sauransu, sun sada yankuna, duwatsun Appalachian da kuma tekuna. Sai dai kuma ‘yan abubuwan da ba za rasa ba. Haka aka cigaba da zama wata rana a sha zuma, wata rana a sha maɗaci. A cikin irin wannan daddaɗan zaman shan zuma aka kai ga kafa birane a gaɓar Tekun Atlantika da suka haɗa da:

Jamestown: Birni mai tazarar kilomita 60 daga James River, shi ne birni na farko da Turawan Ingila suka kafa a matsayin reshe (colony) a cikin shekarar 1607.
Massachusetts: Birni ne da ƙungiyar masu bauta ƙarƙashin cocin Protestants suka kafa a yunƙurinsu na rashin amincewa da sabon tsarin da ‘Yarzabil ta farko (Elizabeth I) ta fito da shi. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1607.
New Netherland da Maryland: Birane ne da suke a guraren da a yau ake kira New York City. Wani kamfani mai suna Dutch East India Company ya saka Henry Hudson gano masa gurbin a cikin shekarar 1609. Daga baya kuma mutanen Dutch (Germany) suka mamaye gurin ya zama birni.

Haka abubuwa suka cigaba da tafiya ƙasar Birtaniya tana ta faɗi-tashi har ta kai ga ɗaukar dogon hutun da ya bai wa abokan hamayyarta musamman ma Dutch damar mamayar wasu yankuna nata.

Dawowar Birtaniya a karo na biyu zuwa wannan dandamalin gogoriyon kafa turaku da rassan mulki (colonies) a wannan sabuwar duniya a cikin shekarar 1660, ya bata cikakkiyar damar kafa turaku masu ƙarfin da suka bata cikakkiyar damar dasa mulkin-mallaka a faɗin wannan ƙasa daga baya. Birane da suka haɗa da New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Netherland, Philadelphia, Georgia, da sauransu, suna daga cikin biranen da wasu suka sake komawa ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya wasu kuma aka kafa su a matsayin sababbin garuruwa.

Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka

Dukkan bayanan da suka gabata na birane, garuru, da matsugunnan da Turawa suka kafa da ma sauran guraren da suka gaurayu da ‘yanƙasa suke zaune tare, mutanen suna warwatse ne a mabambantan yankuna da birane suna gudanar da harkokinsu na cinikayya da ‘yanƙasa bisa shugabancin Turawan da suka kafa waɗancan birane da aka zayyana.

Tare da haka kuma, Turawan Birtaniya ne kaso mafi tsoka. Sai kuma sauran Turawa daga ƙasashen Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Scotland, Northern Ireland da kuma bayi daga Afirka.

Waɗannan yankuna kuwa an karkasa su zuwa yankunan mulkin-mallaka uku:

Sabuwa Ingila (New England) wadda take a Arewa-Maso-Gabas, ta ƙunshi jahohin Massachusetts, Connecticut, da Rhode Island.
Yankunan Tsakiya (Middle Colonies), sun ƙunshi jahohin New York da Pennsylvania.
Yankunan Kudu (Southern Colonies), sun ƙunshi jahohin Virginia, Georgia, da Carolinas.

Ɗaukar ɗawainiyar gudanar da waɗannan gwamnatocin mulkin-mallaka ba a wuyan gwamnatin Birtaniya yake ba, yana wuyan ƙungiyoyin jama’a ne. Saboda haka dukkan jahohin, idan aka cire Geogia, sun kafu ne a matsayin kamfanonin zuba jari ko wasu hajoji bisa amincewar sarki (chartered by the king).

Wasu daga cikin jahohin ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar tsauraran dokokin danniyar kamfanoni sai dai a lokacin da aka samu wani sauyin yanayi ake komawa takan tsarin dokokin Birtaniya da kuma al’adunta.

Yankunan Mulkin Turai
Hoto:Google Sites

Yaƙin basasar Ingila na 1688 zuwa 1689 A.D. wanda ya kai ga tunɓuke Sarki James II, ya taƙaita wannan nau’in mulkin kama-kamarya da ake yi wa jama’a wanda kuma su rassan (colonies) jahohin Birtaniya a Amurka ya zamar musu alheri sosai. Kasantuwar hakan ce ta baiwa majalisun dokokin rassa (Colonial Assemblies) damar fara zama da gindinsu.

Haka abubuwan suka cigaba da tafiya har zuwa matakin da su rassan suka samu damar gogayya da gwamnonin mulkin mallaka da nufin samun gwamnatin-cin-gashin-kai (self-government) wanda daga ƙarshe kuma ta kai ga fafutikar ‘yancin kai (independence).

‘Yancin Kai

Bayan samun tazarar sama da shekarau ɗari da saba’in da kafa reshen farko (first colony), Jamestown, na Turawan Birtaniya bisa yarjewar Sarkin Birtaniya, gamayyar rassan Birtaniya goma sha uku (13 British colonies) suka haɗu suka nema wa kansu ‘yanci daga mulkin-mallakar Birtaniya.

Wannan ƙwatar ‘yancin kai na Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka guda goma sha uku ya biyo bayan tada-ƙayar baya da ‘yan-asalin Birtaniya mazauna Amurka suka yi wa ƙasarsu ta haihuna, a wani irin salon da ake yi wa kallon ba-sabun-ba.

Wasu dokoki wadda Dokar Kan-Sarki (Stamp Act, 1765) ta shekarar 1765, ta zamo kanwa-uwar-gami, su ne suka hasala Birtaniyawa mazauna Amurka da yi wa Birtaniyan bore tare kuma da ayyana cin-gashin-kan waɗannan rassa 13 na Birtaniya.

Sharar Fagen Fafutikar ‘Yanci

da wannan gaɓa, U.S. Department of State (2010), sun yi bayani da cewa: “Wasu dokoki da fadar Birtaniya ta ƙaƙaba wa rassanta na Amurka da suka haɗa da taƙaita kafa sabon matsugunni wadda aka yi a 1763. Dokar Sukari ta 1764 wadda ta ƙaƙaba karɓar haraji a kan kayayyakin more rayuwa ciki kuma har da naskwafi, giya da sauransu. Dokar kuɗi ta 1764 wadda ta haramta buga takardun kuɗi a rassan (colonies) jahohin. Dokar matsugunnin soja ta 1765 wadda ta wajabta wa rassan samar da matsugunnai da kuma abinci ga sojojin mulkin-mallaka da kuma dokar tambarin sarki (stamp) ta 1765 wadda ta nemi a sayi tambarin sarki domin amfani da shi a jikin dukkan wasu takardu a hukumance da suka haɗa da jaridu, lasisi da kuma takardun yarjeniyoyin haya da lamani, su suka hasala Turawan Birtaniya mazauna Amurka yi wa ƙasarsu tutsu.

Rassan sun yi fatali da dukkan waɗannan dokoki amma dai taƙarshen ce ta fi zafi. Wannan kuma kasantuwar su rassan suna ganin ana tatsarsu daga nesa ta hanyar ƙaƙaba musu dokokin da aka kafa ba da yawunsu ba.

Biyo bayan haka, wasu wakilai 27 daga rassan mulkin-mallaka tara, suka yi zama a cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 1765 a birnin New York a yunƙurinsu na sabunta wannan doka. Daga ƙarshe suka cimma matsaya kan cewa kowane reshe ya je ya karɓi harajinsa da hannunsa.

Biyo bayan wannan sai gwamnatocin rassan suka samar da shugabannin siyasa daga gida wadda kuma waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka yi aiki tuƙuru har haƙarsu ta cimma ruwa dongane da abin da suka kalla a matsayin dokar zaluncin majalisa (Majalisar Birtaniya).

Bayan samun nasara, sai kuma ‘yan fafutika suka ɗora daga gurin da aka tsaya wadda su kuma burinsu shi ne samun ‘yancin kai. A cikin waɗannan mutane akwai Samuel Adams daga Massachusetts shi ne jagaba. Shi ya yi rubutu a jarida tare kuma da haɗa jama’ar da suka zama tubalan gina fafutikar neman ‘yancin kai. Ya zuwa 1773, wannan yunƙurin ya ja hankalin ‘yankasuwar waɗannan rassa waɗanda suke cike da hauushin matakan da Birtaniya ta ɗauka na juya ragamar kasuwancin ganyen shayi (tea trade). Daga ƙarshe aka samu wasu gungu suka laɓaɓa suka kifar da wasu jiragen ruwan Birtaniya ɗauke da ganyen shayi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Boston.

A ta nata ɓangare kuma a yunƙurenta na daƙile wannan tarzoma tare kuma da ladabtar da Massachusetts game da wannan ta’asa, sai Majalisar Birtaniya ta rufe wannan tashar jirgin ruwa ta Boston tare kuma da taƙaita wa hukumomin reshen ƙarfin iko.

Wannan mataki da Birtaniya ta ɗauka ya harzuƙa sauran rassan; Geogia bata ciki, suka tura wakilai zuwa Philadelphia domin ɗaukar matakin bai-ɗaya tare kuma da kawo ƙarshen wannan dambarwa. Wannan ta faru a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1774”.

Juyin-Juya Hali

Abin da ya biyo bayan dukkanin sa-toka-sa-katsi da kuma kai ruwa rana da aka yi ta yi tsakanin Daular Birtaniya da rassanta na mulkin-mallaka guda 13 a Amurka ta Arewa, shi ne rikiɗewar wannan abu zuwa tarzoma tsakanin sojojin Daular Birtaniya da kuma Birtaniyawa mazauna Amurka a wannan yankin na Boston.

A daidai lokacin da aka gwabza faɗa tsakanin sojojin Birtaniyan da kuma Birtaniyawan Amurka, su kuma wakilan rassan mulkin-mallaka 12 daga cikinsu suka hanzarta zuwa Philadelphia domin tattaunawa kan ɗaukar matakin da ya dace. A kan wannan sai mafiya rinjaye suka haɗu a kan a yi yaƙi da Birtaniya. Suka kuma dace cewa a mayar da sojojin yanki zuwa na tarayya tare kuma da zaɓen George Washington a matsayin Babban Kwamadan Askarawa (Commander in-chief). A lokaci guda kuma suka nemi Sarki George III da ya tsaigata wuta, wanda shi kuma ya turje tare da ayyana su a matsayin bijirarru.

Haka abubuwa suka cigaba da tafiya har zuwa kan gaɓar da ɗan fafutika masanin siyasa, Thomas Paine ya yi wani rubutun da ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen yin rubutun da ya fito da batun rabuwa a sarari tare kuma da sukar lamirin mulkin danniya wadda aka wallafa a wata muƙalar da aka yi wa laƙabi da kwaman sens (Common Sense) wadda aka sayar da kwafi dubu ɗari (100,000) nata.

Daga ƙarshe wancan zama na wakilai ya gamsu da cewa a ware tare da kafa kwamatin da ya zai yi rubutu dalla-dalla game dalilansu na warewar da kuma ayyana ‘yancin kai. Thomas Jefferson na Virginia shi ya jagoranci wannan kwamati.

Shelar ‘Yanci

An rattabawa rubutun kwamatin Thomas Jefferson na shelanta yancin kai hannu a ranar 4 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1776 A.D. Saboda haka tun daga wannan shekara har zuwa yau (2021) ake raya wannan rana da raye-raye, kaɗe-kaɗe, tanɗe-tanɗe, lashe-lashe da sauransu a matsayin ranar ‘Yancin Kan Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka.

Kafuwar Ƙasar Amurka

Biyowa bayan shelanta ‘yancin kai da Amurkawa suka yi, sai Birtaniya ta ce da wa aka haɗa ni ba da ku ba? Haka ta cigaba da ratattakar su har sai da ta kai jallin mahalarta taron nan na Philadelphia suka cika wandunansu da iska.

Abubuwa suka rincaɓe, aka cigaba da gwabza faɗa a tsakanin Amurkawa da sojojin Birtaniya tare da samun nasarori daga ɓangaren Birtaniya a yankunan da suka haɗa da New York, Brandywine, Pennsylvania, da Philedalphia.

Haka suma kuma Amurkawa sun samu nasara a yankunan Saragota ta New York, da kuma Trenton da Princeton na New Jersey.

Rattaba hannu a yarjejeniyar tsaro (Defense Treaty) tsakanin Amurka da Faransa tare kuma da amincewa da ita a matsayin ƙasa da Faransa ta yi a cikin shekarar 1778, shi ne matakin farko na kafuwar Amurka a matsayin ƙasa mai cikakken ‘yanci.

Yaƙi bai ƙare ba har sai da ta kai ga sojojin Birtaniya sun miƙa wuya ga sojojin Faranshi a Yorktown abin da ya bayar da damar rattaba hanu a kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a tsakanin Faranshi da Birtaniya wanda aka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Afirilun shekarar 1783.

Wannan ƙasa, wadda taurari hamsin suka zama alamar tutarta, ta zama tauraruwar duniya wadda ke haskaka turba tare kuma da jangora a fannonin rayuwa da dama da suka haɗa da tattalain arziƙi, dimokuraɗiyya, tsaro, da sauransu. Wannan ita ce Tarayyar Jahohin Amurka da ta haɗa tafka-tafkan jahohi hamsi a tuta guda.

Jahohin Amurka
Hoto:English Club

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